What are the factors which affect cogeneration choice?

What are the factors which affect cogeneration choice?

The quality of thermal energy required (temperature and pressure) also determines the type of cogeneration system. For a sugar mill needing thermal energy at about 120°C, a topping cycle cogeneration system can meet the heat demand.

How is the efficiency of cogeneration measured?

The calculation of effective electric efficiency is the CHP net electric output divided by the additional fuel the CHP system consumes over and above what would have been used by a boiler to produce the thermal output of the CHP system.

How do you convert heat to efficiency?

To express the efficiency of a generator or power plant as a percentage, divide the equivalent Btu content of a kWh of electricity (3,412 Btu) by the heat rate. For example, if the heat rate is 10,500 Btu, the efficiency is 33%. If the heat rate is 7,500 Btu, the efficiency is 45%.

What is a typical efficiency of a trigeneration system?

The trigeneration systems are characterized by very high energy efficiency (80 to 90%) as well as a less polluting aspect compared to the conventional energy production since the waste heat is recovered from the engine cooling system and exhaust gases to use it for process heating, excess heat is also used to drive an …

What is a back pressure turbine?

Back Pressure Turbines: a type of steam turbine that is used in connection with industrial processes where there is a need for low or medium pressure steam. The high pressure steam enters the back pressure steam turbine and while the steam expands – part of its thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy.

How does a back pressure turbine work?

In a backpressure steam turbine, energy from high-pressure inlet steam is efficiently converted into electricity, and low-pressure exhaust steam is provided to a plant process. The turbine exhaust steam has a lower temperature than the superheated steam created when pressure is reduced through a PRV.

Why LP turbine is double flow?

For turbines of large output, it is normal to have several double-flow low pressure (LP) cylinders operating in parallel. The second benefit is that the double-flow cylinder effectively reduces to zero the axial thrust caused by the steam forces on the moving blading.

What is meant by back pressure?

Back pressure (or backpressure) is a resistance or force opposing the desired flow of fluid through pipes, leading to friction loss and pressure drop. The fluid is what is directed, tending to flow away from high-pressure regions and toward low-pressure regions.

How do you prevent back pressure?

By being proactive about your plumbing safety, you can save yourself a lot of time, money, and energy. Two common ways to prevent backflow include: Air Gaps – Air gaps are commonly used to help maintain the pressure in the plumbing system to prevent backflow. In certain instances, there may not be room or an air gap.

How important is back pressure?

However, a little back pressure is a good thing. In fact, it helps. The right size pipe is large enough to breathe well but small enough to create a high exhaust flow. Steps in the exhaust system also create negative pressure waves that travel back to the cylinder and help empty the cylinder of those gases.

What is the purpose of a back pressure valve?

The backpressure regulator is a normally-closed valve installed at the END of a piping system to provide an obstruction to flow and thereby regulate upstream (back) pressure. The backpressure regulator is called upon to provide pressure in order to draw fluid off the system.

What is back pressure in safety valve?

Back pressure is the pressure on the outlet of the pressure relief valve. There are two types of back pressure: Superimposed back pressure. Superimposed pressure is the pressure in the discharge header before the pressure relief valve opens.

What is cracking pressure in check valve?

Cracking pressure is the minimum upstream pressure required to open a check valve enough to allow detectable flow. Detectable flow is when the check valve allows a small but steady flow of liquid or gas to pass through the valve body and out through its outlet port.

How does a kimray valve work?

A float inside a production vessel moves up and down based on the liquid level inside. This moves the lever on the Trunnion Assembly. This lever is mechanically linked to a lever on the Dump Valve by a linkage rod. This pushes the valve lever down and opens the valve.

How do you adjust a back pressure valve?

The valve monitors upstream pressure. To adjust the set point, turn the adjustment bolt on top. The spring pushes down on the diaphragm assembly, which positions the pilot plug. The pilot plug then allows gas from upstream to push down on the diaphragm.

How does a pressure control valve work?

This valve operates by balancing the force exerted by the pressure in the main circuit against the sum of the forces exerted by secondary circuit pressure and the spring. Because the pressurized areas on both sides of the poppet are equal, the fixed reduction is that exerted by the spring.